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The Gothenburg was an 18th century Swedish merchant ship. After the completion of its construction, which had started in 1738, it traveled, for the first time, to the port of Canton, China, during the period between January 1739 and June 1740. Since then, it made two more journeys to Canton , from February 1741 to July 1742, and from May 1743 to September 1745. Unfortunately, during the third trip's homecoming, when it was just 900 meters away from the dock of the harbor, the Gothenburg ran into a rock and thus sank, but no one appeared to have lost his life. However, while already in sight of the welcoming crowd on shore, the entire ship's cargo sank into the vast ocean, ending the Gothenburg's mission.
The Gothenburg's Cargo:
The merchant ship Gothenburg is over 40 meters long, over 10 meters wide, approximately 50 meters tall, and has a cargo capacity of 1350 tons. The return cargo from China included 2677 chests of tea weighing a total of 366 tons, 19 chests of silk, 11.4 tons of spices, about 100 tons of porcelain, plus rattan. The total value of the cargo could amount to Sweden 's gross national product at that time.
According to various literature and statistics, from the 15th year to the 20th year of the Qianlong reign (1750-1755), about 11 million pieces of porcelain were shipped to Sweden from Canton , China . Later, from 1766 to 1786, the East India Company also carried to Sweden another 11 million pieces of Chinese porcelain. At that time, Chinese porcelain was a symbol of class and status in the eyes of Europeans, and thus was highly regarded. Just the earnings from auctioning the Gothenburg's salvaged porcelain surpassed the total cost of the ship; this reflects the significant value of Chinese porcelain to the West at the time. From the sunken ship, 30 tons of tea leaves, 80 bolts of silk cloth, and a large amount of porcelain were salvaged. In 1986, along with the advancement of technology for underwater archaeology, the plan to conduct another salvage of the Gothenburg was brought up, and after 10 years of excavating, another 9 tons of porcelain shards and many items in the once-lost cargo, including over 400 pieces of unbroken porcelain, tea, ginger, silk, and spices, were recovered.
: A1903:The Hermione, a 12-pounder frigate was built at Rochefort in 1748 as an experiment and was the forerunner of all the 12-pounder frigates launched in the 18th century.
The Hermione will always be linked with helping the United States win its War of Independence. In 1778 France, who had made an alliance with the United States, declared war on England and on March 20, 1780, the French general, the Marquis de La Fayette, who had been named Major General of the American Army, embarked on the Hermione for one of the most important French events of the 18th century: the landing of their regiments at Newport in July to fight alongside the Americans. His mission was to organize with General Washington the political and military aspects of this landing. Following his disembarkation on May 2, 1780 the frigate went on to engage in combat against the armed English frigate, the Iris and her escort on June 7 during which time the ship fired 260 cannonballs. On May 4, 1781 a reception of the American Congress was held on board during which there was official announcement of the victory of Chesapeake of March 16, 1781. On July 21, the frigate was again engaged in battle, this time against six English vessels at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, at which she is recorded as having fired no less than 509 cannonballs. French sea-power eventually played a crucial role in the surrender of the British army at Yorktown in 1781. Although the thirteen states of the American Union did not become sovereign until 1783 the Hermione’s American adventures were over and she returned to Rochefort arriving in the outer roads on February 25, 1782.
In 1997, The Hermione-La Fayette Association is currently in the project of rebuilding the Hermione. The ship is scheduled to be completed and sea-worth in 2007.: A1903:
In 1787 the HMS Bounty was purchased by the Admiralty and recommissioned to sail halfway around the world to Tahiti to collect sapling breadfuit trees and transport them to the West Indies. Owners of the burgeoning British plantations there needed a cheap source of food for the workers.
To lead mission on the HMS Bounty, the Admiralty picked 33 year old Lt. William Bligh. After arriving in Tahiti, 10 months after leaving England, Bligh and the crew set about collecting the more than 1,000 breadfruit plants they were to take to the Caribbean. They spent five months in Tahiti, during which time Bligh allowed many of the crew to live ashore. Without the discipline and rigid schedules of the sea, the men went native. When time came to return to England, some were already contemplating staying on the island.
Two weeks out of Tahiti, miserable with having left the Tahitian wife he took while there, First Mate Fletcher Christian took the ship. Of the 44 men on board, 31 sided with Bligh. Of the 31, 18 went over the side to be set adrift in the longboat with Bligh. The mutineers in the HMS Bounty then set off for Tahiti, where they put the rest of the sailors loyal to Bligh ashore, picked up their Tahitian wives, girlfriends and several Tahitian men, and set off to hide forever from the long arm of the British law.
Bligh navigated the longboat 3,600 miles to safety in 41 days using only a sextant and a pocket watch. Only one man died -- stoned to death by angry natives on the first island they tried to land on. The voyage was a feat of navigation that is unparalleled to this day.
The mutineers eventually settled on Pitcairn Island, an isolated rock in the South Pacific that was misplaced on British charts. They burned the ship in Bounty Bay and weren't found for 25 years.
After all but one of the mutineers had been killed by either each other or the Tahitian men they brought with them, the last one, Alexander Smith, began rebuilding a society on the island based on the ship's bible. Today their descendants still live there in a moralistic society that still only sees one ship every six months.
: B1402:In 1768 Lieutenant James Cook, Royal Navy, set sail on HMS Endeavour on a voyage of exploration and scientific investigation and through his journeys, Cook is considered to be one of the greatest explorers.
In 1770 Cook reached New Zeland where he circumnavigated and completely charted the north and south islands before continuing west. In April, he sighted the east coast of Australia and sailed north along the coast before anchoring in what he named Botany Bay. He then continued north to Cape York and on to Jakarta and Indonesia. During the four months voyage along the coast Cook charted the coastline from Victoria to Queensland and proclaimed the eastern part of the continent for Great Britain.
Cook was the first person to accurately chart a substantial part of the coastline of Australia and to fix the continent in relation to known waters. His explorations of Australia were followed up within a few years by a British expedition to settle the "new" continent. Accordingly, Cook is considered a major figure in Australia's modern history. Numerous places in Australia, particularly on the east Australian coast and New Zealand, have been named after him or his vessel, and many of the names he gave to parts of the Australian east coast in 1770 are still used (e.g. Cape Tribulation, Botany Bay, the Whitsundays).
Cook's 1768-1771 voyage in HMS Endeavour is also considered to be of general historical importance because of its great contributions to the world's knowledge of seamanship and navigation, as well as geography. On his voyages Cook became the first captain to calculate his longitudinal position with accuracy, using a complex mathematical formula developed in the 1760's. He was also the first to substantially reduce scurvy among his crew, a serious, sometimes fatal result of dietary deficiency on long voyages
: B1303:In 1768 Lieutenant James Cook, Royal Navy, set sail on HMS Endeavour on a voyage of exploration and scientific investigation and through his journeys, Cook is considered to be one of the greatest explorers.
In 1770 Cook reached New Zeland where he circumnavigated and completely charted the north and south islands before continuing west. In April, he sighted the east coast of Australia and sailed north along the coast before anchoring in what he named Botany Bay. He then continued north to Cape York and on to Jakarta and Indonesia. During the four months voyage along the coast Cook charted the coastline from Victoria to Queensland and proclaimed the eastern part of the continent for Great Britain.
Cook was the first person to accurately chart a substantial part of the coastline of Australia and to fix the continent in relation to known waters. His explorations of Australia were followed up within a few years by a British expedition to settle the "new" continent. Accordingly, Cook is considered a major figure in Australia's modern history. Numerous places in Australia, particularly on the east Australian coast and New Zealand, have been named after him or his vessel, and many of the names he gave to parts of the Australian east coast in 1770 are still used (e.g. Cape Tribulation, Botany Bay, the Whitsundays).
Cook's 1768-1771 voyage in HMS Endeavour is also considered to be of general historical importance because of its great contributions to the world's knowledge of seamanship and navigation, as well as geography. On his voyages Cook became the first captain to calculate his longitudinal position with accuracy, using a complex mathematical formula developed in the 1760's. He was also the first to substantially reduce scurvy among his crew, a serious, sometimes fatal result of dietary deficiency on long voyages
: B1302P:The HMS Leopard was made famous in the Patrick O’Brien novel“Desolation Island”,where Captain Jack Aubrey was assigned to rescue Governor Bligh of the famed“Mutiny on the Bounty”.
In history, the HMS Leopard, is best known for the“Chesapeake-Leopard” affair of 1807 (which many saw as a prelude to the War of1812). Under the command of Captain Humphreys, the Leopard hailed the USSChesapeake to search for suspected deserters. The Leopard sent a boat over to the Chesapeake with a copy of a searchorder. Denying the request, the Commodoreof the Chesapeake sent the boat back while secretly clearing the gun decks inpreparation for battle. Not lettinghimself be outwit, the HMS Leopard was preparedand fired three full broadsides on the Chesapeake. Able to fire off only one shot in retaliation, the Chesapeakesurrendered and allowed the boarding and search previously requested by morepeaceful means. Four suspected deserterswere captured and brought back to the Leopard.
In 1812 theLeopard was converted to a troop ship and finally met her demise in 1814, bygrounding in the Gulf of St Lawrence due to heavy fog.
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